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  • Pages
01 About
02 Framework
03 Process Steps
04 ASSESS
05 ASSESS: Prioritise and analyse KPIs
06 ASSESS: Three approaches
07 ASSESS: Refresh approach
08 ASSESS: Light review approach
09 ASSESS: Deep dive approach
10 ASSESS: Tools
11 ASSESS: Supply chain mapping tools
12 ASSESS: Geo-mapping tools
13 ASSESS: Reporting and dissemination
14 EVALUATE
15 EVALUATE: Vendor evaluation and selection
16 EVALUATE: 4 steps for optimal outsourcing
17 EVALUATE: In-country supply chain assessment
18 EVALUATE: External benchmarking
19 EVALUATE: Investment case model
20 EVALUATE: High-level vendor assessment matrix
21 EVALUATE: Examples of vendor evaluation
22 CONTRACT
23 CONTRACT: Critical success factors for contracting
24 CONTRACT: Nine-step contracting approach
25 CONTRACT: Templates and examples
26 IMPLEMENT
27 IMPLEMENT - 3 Steps
28 IMPLEMENT - Managing the transition process
29 IMPLEMENT - Peformance management tools
30 IMPLEMENT - Governance procedures
31 IMPLEMENT - Examples of successful outsourcing arrangements
32 Enabler Tools
33 POLICY
34 POLICY: Introduction to procurement policy
35 POLICY: Examples of effective policy tools
36 ADVOCACY AND GOVERNANCE
37 ADVOCACY AND GOVERNANCE: Stakeholder expectations
38 ADVOCACY AND GOVERNANCE: Guidelines for advocacy processes
39 ADVOCACY AND GOVERNANCE: Examples of governance structure and communication platforms
40 ADVOCACY AND GOVERNANCE: Example of logistic working groups
41 ADVOCACY AND GOVERNANCE: Example of supplier forums
42 PEOPLE
43 PEOPLE: Introduction and capability matrix
44 PEOPLE: Considerations across Process Steps
45 PEOPLE: Skills considerations
46 PEOPLE: Working conditions
47 PEOPLE: Motivation considerations
48 PEOPLE: UK Case study
49 TECHNOLOGY
50 TECHNOLOGY: Introduction
51 TECHNOLOGY: VAN
52 TECHNOLOGY: eLMIS
53 TECHNOLOGY: OpenLMIS
54 TECHNOLOGY: Logistimo
55 TECHNOLOGY: Stock Visibility System (SVS)
56 TECHNOLOGY: Route optimisation
57 CASE STUDIES
58 CASE STUDY: Zambia
59 CASE STUDY: Kenya
60 CASE STUDY: Uganda
61 CASE STUDY: Mozambique
62 Pharmacy toolkit
63 Pharmacy toolkit intro
64 Pharmacy toolkit case studies
65 Pharmacy toolkit framework
66 Pharmacy Assess
67 Pharmacy Evaluate
68 Pharmacy Contract
69 Pharmacy Implement
70 Pharmacy Enabler tools
71 Laboratory services toolkit
72 Laboratory services toolkit introduction
73 Laboratory services toolkit review
74 Laboratory services toolkit framework
75 Laboratory services: Assess
76 Laboratory services: Evaluate
77 Laboratory services: Contract
78 Laboratory services: Implement
79 Laboratory services: Enabler tools
80 Tool Index
81 Acknowledgements
82 CONTACT

Process Steps

1. Assess > 2. Evaluate > 3. Contract > 4. Implement

Enabler Tools

Policy | Advocacy and governance | People | Technology

Case Studies

Assess

Geo-mapping tools

In this section you will learn:

  • What geo-mapping is
  • The benefits of geo-mapping
  • Three possible approaches for a geo-mapping survey
  • Four essential phases in the geo-mapping process
  • How geo-mapping enabled the Ugandan Government to make clear decisions on its healthcare service delivery models

What is geo-mapping?

Geo-mapping assists in identifying areas where outsourcing could play a role to support supply chain functions and prioritise the allocation of resources in the overall health system. Geo-mapping identifies and locates key health sites for improved supply visualisation and decision–making. Spatial data mapping can be used as an intrinsic tool to improve the in-country distribution of medicines to patients and facilities.

The field of geo-mapping has many terms that you might not be familiar with. Two key terms that you should know are 'geo-mapping survey' and 'Geographic Information System' (GIS). A geo-mapping survey is the collation of information regarding the spatial distribution of health facilities and other key sites. GIS is a software tool that can be used to analyse, manage, and view geographical data. GIS can enable decision making by overlaying relevant metrics, such as the spread of the burden of disease and spatial distribution of health facilities, to enable strategic decision making by visually presenting data.

Using GIS gives the ministry of health the ability to accurately geo-code and give coordinates for health facilities with a low churn rate. It also addresses the major challenge for less formal countries and geographies where road infrastructure is limited or there is a lack of coordinates. Finally, GIS creates the ability to cross-leverage existing databases (e.g. GIS data; Health Department data) within Government which can help provide a more complete picture of health service availability.

The benefits of utilising a GIS include:

  • Improved supply chain visualisation and decision making through the availability of detailed insights
  • Identification of gaps or functions where outsourcing could be beneficial
  • Reduced costs and increased efficiencies particularly in logistics planning, fleet management and maintenance schedules
  • Improved record-keeping through the registration of key sites and their important data (location, facility type etc.)

Possible approaches for a geo-mapping survey

There are three possible approaches for a geo-mapping survey.

1. Perform in-house The first option is to perform the entire geo-mapping exercise with public sector parties with no involvement from outsourcing partners. This approach is used when the experience and expertise reside in-house. For example, when the public sector has a well-capacitated GIS Department to perform the full geo-mapping exercise including high levels of GPS and facility/database accuracy.

2. Partner with external partners

In the second option, the ministry of health performs parts of the geo-mapping exercise with public sector resources. Other roles and functions of the geo-mapping exercise are outsourced. The types of functions that might be outsourced include the development of the survey guidelines or the contracting of a technical advisor from the private sector. Ministries of health can apply this approach when wanting to build in-house capability and sustainability of the database accuracy.

3. Outsource the geo-mapping The final option is to contract a third-party entity to perform the entire geo-mapping exercises in a fully outsourced arrangement with no to limited involvement with public sector entities. This approach can be used for a once-off initiative that does not require capability development in the ministry of health.

Essential phases in the geo-mapping process

Regardless of which approach you take for the geo-mapping process (in-house, partnering or outsourcing), there are four phases that the process will follow:

Phase 1:

Develop survey tools

This phase includes:

  • Establishing survey objectives, develop the brief and work-plan
  • Database reviews (GIS, health facilities, patients)
  • Data collection, data security and quality checks, record and database uploads
  • Customised app development; build the survey questionnaire
  • Facility level identifiers e.g. hospital, clinic
  • Ownership identifiers e.g. government / private
  • Basic services identifiers e.g. supply of water, electricity, mobile reception, internet, number of clinicians; road type
  • Photo at facility; GIS coordinates

Phase 2:

Perform training and surveying

This phase includes:

Training

  • Initiate training workshop with ministry of health field team supervisors
  • Training materials, videos for  supervisors, field teams
  • Ministry of health workers trained in electronic data collection

In-field survey

  • Conduct an in-field survey per region
  • Daily quality control and link to master facility list
  • Quality control feedback and capture of any outstanding facilities
  • Region report and sign-off by geo-mapping supervisors

Phased 3:

Data capture and quality control

This phase includes:

  • Data captured into the central system and downloaded from a server daily
  • Data checked for duplicates, blanks, incorrect survey entries
  • Coordinates checked to ensure accuracy within a 10-metre range
  • Data linked back to master lists to ensure all facilities and pharmacies are covered
  • Photo of facility taken to ensure field teams visited correct facility and facility names / contact details are correct

Phase 4:

Data analysis and reporting

This phase includes:

  • GIS data to inform gaps and opportunities e.g. route optimisation, healthcare service delivery model re-design, depot, regional hubs, warehouse decision-making
  • Identify supply chain network capabilities – such as remote or underserved regions with high population density.
  • Geo-mapping identification of  areas where outsourcing could have an impact to improve and/or strengthen the healthcare supply chain

Example of the geo-mapping process

The following example will illustrate how the geo-mapping process can come together to help inform decisions about healthcare service delivery.

Health supply chain geo-mapping

Uganda

See example
NEXT: Reporting and dissemination

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